According to Carper, which way of knowing includes a comfort with ambiguity?

The concept of knowing that includes a comfort with ambiguity is rooted in the personal way of knowing, as articulated by Carper. This mode emphasizes the importance of personal experiences, intuition, and the subjective interpretation of situations in nursing practice. Unlike the empirical way, which relies heavily on objective and measurable data, or the aesthetic approach, which focuses on the creative and experiential aspects of nursing, the personal dimension acknowledges the complexity of human experiences and interactions.

In personal knowing, nurses often navigate uncertainty and ambiguity, drawing on their own feelings, values, and insights. This allows them to form deeper connections with patients and to respond effectively to the diverse and often unpredictable nature of healthcare situations. Engaging with ambiguity can lead to a richer understanding of the holistic needs of patients, facilitating compassionate and individualized care.

Recognizing the multifaceted nature of relationships and care is a hallmark of personal knowing, making it distinct and essential in holistic nursing practice.